Sunday, December 9, 2012

Education for ensuring sustainable development


Sustainable Development

Etymological meaning

Derived from Latin word “Sustenare” which means “to hold up” or “to support” and in modern context it is called “Maintain”

Acc to Brudtland Report

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
“Sustainability is defined as a requirement of our generation to manage the resource base such that the average quality of life that we ensure ourselves can potentially be shared by all future generations”
                                                                                                                                       Geir B.   Asheim

“Sustainable development is defined as achieving lasting satisfaction of human needs and improvement of the quality of human life. It involves environmental, economic, social and cultural political considerations, which need to be addressed in a holistic and integrated way.”  
                                                                                                                                           Walter Filho

We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. It's good to be physically healthy, but what if you are poor and don't have access to education? It's good to have a secure income, but what if the air in your part of the world is unclean? And it's good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if you can't feed your family? So sustainable development implies :

1.    Maximization of Human well being : Sustainable Development can be defined in technical terms as a development path along which the maximization of human well-being for today’s generations

2.    Betterment of present as well as future : It suggests today’s generations does not lead to declines in future well being . Attaining this path requires eliminating those negative externalities that are responsible for resource depletion and environmental  degradation .it also requires securing those public goods that are essential for economic development.

3.    A System connected with space and time : Sustainable development require that we see the world as a system—a system that connects space; and a system that connects time. When think of the world as a system over time, you start to realize that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural practice today. When you think of a world as a system over space you grow to understand that air pollution from one particular country to another.

4.    Understanding of ourselves and our worlds: The concept of sustainable development is rooted in this sort of systems thinking. It helps us understand ourselves and our world.

Dimensions Of Sustainable Development


Human: Education, Employment, Human Capital, HRD, Human Development, Human Spirituality, lifestyle, equal opputunities
 Health : Mental Physical spiritual well being, balanced diet, safe drinking water, clean air, sanitation, environmental hygiene, primary health care and education
Financial: Basic Needs, Economic efficient, producing useful goods, labor productivity
Natural: Ecology, Natural Resources, Flourishing Environment
Social: Culture, Social equity, social change, social values, Social norms, Community development

Role Of Education in Sustainable Development

1.       Educated Elite
2.       Reorientation of Moral and Spiritual Values
3.       Environmental Education
4.       Changing Attitudes
5.       HRD Education
6.       Development of Right aspirations of life
7.       Improving Economic and financial conditions
8.       Sense of obligation of Citizenship
9.       Reduction in Unemployment
10.   Development of capacity of independent thinking
11.   Inculcation of corporate responsibility
12.   Socialization
13.   National Consciousness
14.   Equal Opportunities to all
15.   Population Education
16.   Ecological education

Education as an Investment


Education as an Investment

Bill Gates says,

“Today, at the end of another century, change is in the air again. People are wondering whether schools are giving their children the skills they’ll need to succeed, this time in the Information Age. A new technology revolution is transforming business and putting new demands on our educational system”

As we enter the twenty-first century, it is clear that education is, indeed, the best investment that we can make, for an information economy depends upon a knowledgeable, skilled, educated workforce.

According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary

“Investment is a thing that is worth buying because it may be profitable or useful in future”

Micro economics education learns the elements of demand, supply, and price of product education services. At the request of the elements learned about how prospective students to maximize the net revenue expected lifetime. Who's on the producer, namely education units to learn about how to combine inputs in order to obtain the lowest total cost, therefore, the discussion will also be related to the discussion about education as an industry.

Education organized by educational institutions, in which educational institutions may establish one or more educational units, then this means that the institution has a position as a business entity, and education units such as elementary, junior high, high school, vocational school, and programs of study in college serves as the company.

Education as Consumption and Investment
Education as consumption is education as a fundamental human right. Or is one of the democratic rights of every citizen. So until a certain level of procurement should be done by the government. Therefore, in many countries basic education (primary and secondary school) were used as compulsory education.





Cost

Psychological (Abilities, Interest, Willingness to Study, Cognition, stress)
Economical (Fees, Books, Other Expenditures)
Time

Benefits

PUBLIC BENEFITS

Literacy
Increasing Democracy
Producing Leaders
Productivity
Favorable Effects on Society
Social Norms
HRD       


PRIVATE BENEFITS (MONETARY)

Removing Poverty
Wages/Allowances
Better Working Conditions
Better Jobs

NON MONETARY

Making Wise decisions 
Culture
Values
Information
Knowledge
Communication
Skills




Human Capital Investment

The Concept of Human Capital was introduced by Nobel Laureate Theodore W. Schultz and elaborated by Gary Becker
Economists refer to "capital" as any man-made resource used to create goods and services. An education can be thought of as human capital because it supposedly makes you better at creating products or delivering services. The education is the "resource" that creates better products/services.
The rate of return is hard to define or measure. Theoretically, if you could measure all the money you could make after a college education and compare that to the money you would have made without the education, the difference is the value of the education. It's a good investment if the cost of the education is less than the value.


Education as an Economic Goods

                              Producer’s Goods
Goods
                        Consumer’s Goods

Education as an Industry

·         With the popularization of the private self-financing colleges, and the Deemed Universities, the role of the private sector in education has been accepted and recognized.
·         Employment
·         Economic Growth

On the whole we can say that Education has an brilliant role in economical growth and it is an investment too because
1.      Producing Economically efficient Citizens
2.      Scientific and technological progress
3.      Creating opportunities
4.      Removing poverty
5.      Skilled workers
6.      Right attitude towards learning and work
7.      Awareness for better living
8.      Increasing Productivity
9.      Importance of education



EDUCATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL CAPABILITIES


EDUCATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL CAPABILITIES

The goal of development is the “promotion and expansion of valuable capabilities.” Amritya Sen

 Dimensions Of Human Development


Life         Knowledge         work & Play        Relationships     Spirituality           Participation  Inner Peace


 
Appreciation of beauty                                                                 Harmony with Non Human World

The concept of individual development is based on capability and capability is an all round human quality observable in what Sir Toby Weaver describes as 'purposive and sensible' action (Weaver, 1994). Capability is an integration of knowledge, skills, personal qualities and understanding used appropriately and effectively - not just in familiar and highly focused specialist contexts but in response to new and changing circumstances. Capability can be observed when we see people with justified confidence in their ability to:

• take effective and appropriate actions and decisions
• explain what they are about
• live and work effectively with others; and
• continue to learn from their experiences as individuals and in association with others, in
   a diverse and changing society.
WELL BEING
REFINED FUNCTIONING
CAPABILITIES

                      FUNCTIONING
SKILLS

Capability is a broader concept than that of competence. Competence is primarily about the ability to perform effectively, concerned largely with the here and now. Capability embraces competence but is also forward-looking, concerned with the realization of potential.

Education For the Development of Individual Capabilities

1.       Inspiring a sense of Purpose
2.       Use of Judgment, intelligence and commonsense
3.       Providing opportunities to action
4.       To think logically, Critically and analytically
5.       Inculcation of sense of responsibility
6.       Combining Internal and External Capabilities
7.       Facilitating Cooperation and Partnership
8.       Guiding and mentoring
9.       Development of one’s potential for self development
10.   Awareness about equality, justice and harmony
11.    Development of inborn potentialities- Education helps the child to develop the inborn potentialities of child providing scope to develop.
12.   Modifying behavior- Education helps to modify the past behavior through learning and through different agencies of education.
13.   All-round development- Education aims at the all round development of child-physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual.
14.   Preparing for the future- After completion of education the child can earn its livelihood getting proper education, which has productivity. The education should be imparted according to the own interest of the child.
15.    Developing personality- The whole personality of the child is developed physically, intellectually, morally, socially, aesthetically and spiritually. He is recognized in the society.
16.   Helping for adjustability- Man differs from beast. Man has reasoning and thinking power. Man tries his best to adjust with his own environment through education.
17.    Development of social and moral value: Society is always in tension with narrowism. There is no social or moral value. Now the man is behaving like an animal. Animality can be changed with moral education. Education teaches the moral value and social value like co-operation, tolerance, sympathy, fellow feelings, love affection, respect towards elder, helping the poor and needy persons.
18.   Providing opportunity or equality: Indian Constitution has introduced the term ‘equality’ because we are not getting equal opportunities in all aspects. Education teaches us to give equal opportunities in all aspects irrespective of caste, creed, color, sex and religion.
19.   Development of ethical and moral values
20.  Capacity for research and innovation
21.   Inculcation of civic and social responsibility- Education helps to make rising generation to understand its rights and duties as citizens of a democratic country.
22.  Training for leadership- The leadership quality of the individual is developed when he participates in all spheres of social, political, religious and educational activities.
23.  National integration- We are living in one country having diversities in respect of color, caste, language, diet, dress, habits and physical environment.




Actualization of Individual Aspirations


Actualization of Individual Aspirations

“The greater failure is not the child who doesn't reach the stars, but the child who has no stars that they feel they are reaching for.” Gordon Brown (2007)

Aspiration is “A strong desire to achieve something high or great.” 

Acc to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary

“Aspirations can be defined as an individual’s ability to identify and set  goals for the future, while being inspired in the present to work toward those goals”

Formation of Aspiration
Aspirations begin to be shaped early in a child’s life, but are modified by experience and the environment.  Aspirations tend to decline as children mature, in response to  their growing understanding of the world and what is possible, and to constraints imposed by previous choices and achievements.  This decline is particularly marked  for those facing multiple barriers. Motivation is the key factor for the formation of aspirations

Self Actualization
Acc to Maslow Self Actualization

“It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially.”
Acc to Collins

“Self Actualization is the achievement of one's full potential through creativity, independence, spontaneity, and a grasp of the real world.”

Abraham Maslow says "What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization…It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming."



Hierarchy of needs By Maslow
While Maslow’s theory is generally portrayed as a fairly rigid hierarchy, Maslow noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow this standard progression.1 For example, he notes that for some individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the need for love. For others, the need for creative fulfillment may supersede even the most basic needs.

Five Levels of the Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological Needs

These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met.

2. Security Needs

These include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighborhoods and shelter from the environment.

3. Social Needs

These include needs for belonging, love and affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community or religious groups.

4. Esteem Needs

After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment.

5. Self-actualizing Needs

This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential.

Characteristics of Self-Actualized People

In addition to describing what is meant by self-actualization in his theory, Maslow also identified some of the key characteristics of self-actualized people:
·         Acceptance and Realism: Self-actualized people have realistic perceptions of themselves, others and the world around them.

·         Problem-centering: Self-actualized individuals are concerned with solving problems outside of themselves, including helping others and finding solutions to problems in the external world. These people are often motivated by a sense of personal responsibility and ethics.

·         Spontaneity: Self-actualized people are spontaneous in their internal thoughts and outward behavior. While they can conform to rules and social expectations, they also tend to be open and unconventional.

·         Autonomy and Solitude: Another characteristics of self-actualized people is the need for independence and privacy. While they enjoy the company of others, these individuals need time to focus on developing their own individual potential.

·         Continued Freshness of Appreciation: Self-actualized people tend to view the world with a continual sense of appreciation, wonder and awe. Even simple experiences continue to be a source of inspiration and pleasure.

·         Peak Experiences: Individuals who are self-actualized often have what Maslow termed peak experiences, or moments of intense joy, wonder, awe and ecstasy. After these experiences, people feel inspired, strengthened, renewed or transformed.3


ROLE OF EDUCATION  IN ACTUALIZATION OF INDIVIDUAL ASPIRATIONS

1.       Motivation (Extrinsic and intrinsic)
2.       Awareness of self and world
3.       Creating the desire for unity, integration
4.       Identification with universal values (beauty, justice, truth) that is important to well-being.
5.       Capability for creating rich emotional reaction and freshness of appreciation.
6.       Democratic character structure.
7.       Boosting creativity and originality
8.       Physical Education
9.       Art education
10.    Creating a sense of community
11.   Transcending the cultural conditions and becoming the members of the world
12.   The worth of life
13.   Helps in making good choices
14.   Development of physiological aspects
15.   Developing the sense of security and safety