NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

                                                NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

  (Meaning, Scope & Indicators, Role of Education in National Development)

“National development refers to the ability of a country or countries to improve the social welfare of the people, for example, by providing social amenities like good education, infrastructure, medical care and social services.”

                                                                                                Braddell

“ The foundation of National Development is the development-especially development in social, political, economic, emotional, linguistic and cultural fields”

                                                                                                H.G Johnson

When all the forces and factors endeavor to provide a unity in the integration of national actions and challenges which encourages the people to meet their aspirations and goals related to their personal and social benefits which willingly or unknowingly geared to the national progress is known as National Development.

According to Kothari Commission (1964-66) National Development lies in

a)     Confidence in nation

b)     Continuous rise in standard of living of masses

c)      Reduction of unemployment

d)     Equal opportunities for social, political and economic development

e)     Good and impartial administration

f)       Mutual understanding and sense of co-operation amongst masses

Scope & Indicators of National Development

Scope refers to the range of perceptions, thoughts, or actions and Breadth or opportunity to function.

Education      

Political Development

Moral Development

Cultural Development                                                                       Indicators and Scope

Religious Development

Economical Development

Technological Development

BARRIERS in National Development

1. Casteism:

Caste is an imported part of our social fabric. This was developed in the past on the basis of division of labour in the society. But now casteism has segregated the society. Unity and integrity has become a dream in a caste ridden society. The feeling of socially neglected scheduled castes under the suppression of upper caste ruined the sense of we feeling and unity. It becomes a problem for national Development.

2. Communalism:

Religions antagonism has posed a serious challenge to national Development . Political manipulation has projected one religion against the other which resulted in communal riot, bloodbath, mutual, distrust and disintegration of the country. Large scale illiteracy and superstition are responsible along with other causes for raise communalism in the country. It is very difficult to promote national Development under these situations.

3. Linguistic Fanaticism:

Multi-linguism is one of the important characters .e.g. in India it has fifteen officially recognized languages. There are about 1652 languages are spoken in India which shows its diversities. There is conflict and riots on the languages issue. People of one language try to establish their language over others. When Hindi was declared as the national language people of South India resented against this decision supporting English language. Language issue became a barrier on the way of national Development

4. Regionalism:

Each regional differs from the other in one or other ways which leads to disintegration of the country. People of one region compete with the person of other regions which leads to conflict and riots. Land dispute, language problem are some of the reasons which pose hurdle on the way of national Development

5. Social Disparity:

Social disparity among the people of different communities, castes and sometime within the community and caste causes tension and imbalance among the people. Social disparity poses great challenge to national Development

6. Economic Inequalities:

Economic standard of people in a state depends on the fertility of land, resources available and manpower management. All the states are not equal in the above matter which leads to economic backwardness of the people. Even in a state distribution of wealth is not properly done. Day by day poor becoming poorer and rich become richest this causes tension and conflict. It is a problem for national Development

7. Unemployement

8. Illiteracy

9. Poverty

10. Educational Disparaties

11. Ignorance

12. Religious Fanaticism

13. Racism

14. Frustrated Youth

15. Economic Differences

16. Lack of National Character

Role Of Education in National Development

Modern and ancient Philosophers have supported the notion of national development and advocated that education is the most powerful force in developing national development.

1. HRD

2. Emotional Integration

3. Technological Advancements

4. Technical Education

5. Fostering Positive attitude

6. Employment

7. Job oriented Education

8. Removing Illiteracy

9. Educated Elite

10. National Outlook

11. Inculcate Cooperative Responsibility

12. Practical use of Knowledge

13. Strengthen Democratic Principles

14.  Acquaintance with one’s talents and virtues

Education for ensuring sustainable development

Sustainable Development

Etymological meaning

Derived from Latin word “Sustenare” which means “to hold up” or “to support” and in modern context it is called “Maintain”

Acc to Brudtland Report

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

“Sustainability is defined as a requirement of our generation to manage the resource base such that the average quality of life that we ensure ourselves can potentially be shared by all future generations”

                                                                                                                                       Geir B.   Asheim

“Sustainable development is defined as achieving lasting satisfaction of human needs and improvement of the quality of human life. It involves environmental, economic, social and cultural political considerations, which need to be addressed in a holistic and integrated way.”  

                                                                                                                                           Walter Filho

We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. It's good to be physically healthy, but what if you are poor and don't have access to education? It's good to have a secure income, but what if the air in your part of the world is unclean? And it's good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if you can't feed your family? So sustainable development implies :

1.    Maximization of Human well being : Sustainable Development can be defined in technical terms as a development path along which the maximization of human well-being for today’s generations

2.    Betterment of present as well as future : It suggests today’s generations does not lead to declines in future well being . Attaining this path requires eliminating those negative externalities that are responsible for resource depletion and environmental  degradation .it also requires securing those public goods that are essential for economic development.

3.    A System connected with space and time : Sustainable development require that we see the world as a system—a system that connects space; and a system that connects time. When think of the world as a system over time, you start to realize that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural practice today. When you think of a world as a system over space you grow to understand that air pollution from one particular country to another.

4.    Understanding of ourselves and our worlds: The concept of sustainable development is rooted in this sort of systems thinking. It helps us understand ourselves and our world.

Dimensions Of Sustainable Development

Human: Education, Employment, Human Capital, HRD, Human Development, Human Spirituality, lifestyle, equal opputunities

 Health : Mental Physical spiritual well being, balanced diet, safe drinking water, clean air, sanitation, environmental hygiene, primary health care and education

Financial: Basic Needs, Economic efficient, producing useful goods, labor productivity

Natural: Ecology, Natural Resources, Flourishing Environment

Social: Culture, Social equity, social change, social values, Social norms, Community development

Role Of Education in Sustainable Development

1.       Educated Elite

2.       Reorientation of Moral and Spiritual Values

3.       Environmental Education

4.       Changing Attitudes

5.       HRD Education

6.       Development of Right aspirations of life

7.       Improving Economic and financial conditions

8.       Sense of obligation of Citizenship

9.       Reduction in Unemployment

10.   Development of capacity of independent thinking

11.   Inculcation of corporate responsibility

12.   Socialization

13.   National Consciousness

14.   Equal Opportunities to all

15.   Population Education

16.   Ecological education

Education as an Investment

Education as an Investment

Bill Gates says,

“Today, at the end of another century, change is in the air again. People are wondering whether schools are giving their children the skills they’ll need to succeed, this time in the Information Age. A new technology revolution is transforming business and putting new demands on our educational system”

As we enter the twenty-first century, it is clear that education is, indeed, the best investment that we can make, for an information economy depends upon a knowledgeable, skilled, educated workforce.

According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary

“Investment is a thing that is worth buying because it may be profitable or useful in future”

Micro economics education learns the elements of demand, supply, and price of product education services. At the request of the elements learned about how prospective students to maximize the net revenue expected lifetime. Who's on the producer, namely education units to learn about how to combine inputs in order to obtain the lowest total cost, therefore, the discussion will also be related to the discussion about education as an industry.

Education organized by educational institutions, in which educational institutions may establish one or more educational units, then this means that the institution has a position as a business entity, and education units such as elementary, junior high, high school, vocational school, and programs of study in college serves as the company.

Education as Consumption and Investment

Education as consumption is education as a fundamental human right. Or is one of the democratic rights of every citizen. So until a certain level of procurement should be done by the government. Therefore, in many countries basic education (primary and secondary school) were used as compulsory education.

Cost

Psychological (Abilities, Interest, Willingness to Study, Cognition, stress)

Economical (Fees, Books, Other Expenditures)

Time

Benefits

PUBLIC BENEFITS

Literacy

Increasing Democracy

Producing Leaders

Productivity

Favorable Effects on Society

Social Norms

HRD       

PRIVATE BENEFITS (MONETARY)

Removing Poverty

Wages/Allowances

Better Working Conditions

Better Jobs

NON MONETARY

Making Wise decisions 

Culture

Values

Information

Knowledge

Communication

Skills

Human Capital Investment

The Concept of Human Capital was introduced by Nobel Laureate Theodore W. Schultz and elaborated by Gary Becker

Economists refer to "capital" as any man-made resource used to create goods and services. An education can be thought of as human capital because it supposedly makes you better at creating products or delivering services. The education is the "resource" that creates better products/services.

The rate of return is hard to define or measure. Theoretically, if you could measure all the money you could make after a college education and compare that to the money you would have made without the education, the difference is the value of the education. It's a good investment if the cost of the education is less than the value.

Education as an Economic Goods

                              Producer’s Goods

Goods

                        Consumer’s Goods

Education as an Industry

·         With the popularization of the private self-financing colleges, and the Deemed Universities, the role of the private sector in education has been accepted and recognized.

·         Employment

·         Economic Growth

On the whole we can say that Education has an brilliant role in economical growth and it is an investment too because

1.      Producing Economically efficient Citizens

2.      Scientific and technological progress

3.      Creating opportunities

4.      Removing poverty

5.      Skilled workers

6.      Right attitude towards learning and work

7.      Awareness for better living

8.      Increasing Productivity

9.      Importance of education